GRAMMAR (Direct and Indirect Speech).
Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:
- In the Indirect speech, no inverted commas are used.
- The conjunctions that, if, whether, etc. are generally used after the reporting verbs.
- The First word of the reported speech begins with a capital letter.
- The tense of the reporting verb is never changed.
- The Reporting verb changes according to sense, it may be told, asked, inquired, etc.
Rules for the change of pronouns:
- The first person pronouns, (I, me, my, we, us, our) in the reported speech change according to the subject of the reporting verb.
- The pronouns of the second person (you, your, yourself) in the reported speech change according to the object of the reporting verb.
- The pronoun of the third person do not change.
Changes in Tenses
Uses of the Present Simple Tense:
- The simple present tense is used to express universal truths, facts, customs.
- To express a permanent state.
Uses of Present Continuous Tense:
- The Present Continuous tense is used for an action that is in progress at the time of speaking.
- It is used to describe an action that is planned to take place in the near future.
Present Perfect Tense:
- The present Perfect Tense is used to express an action that has been recently completed.
- It is used for an action which began in the past and is still continuing.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing.
- It is used to express an action which has already been finished.
Simple Past Tense:
- The simple Past Tense is used for an activity done in the past.
- It is used to express a habitual or regular action in the past.
The Past Continuous Tense:
- The Past Continuous Tense is used to express an action in progress in the past.
- To describe two or more actions continuing at the same time.
Past Perfect Tense:
- The Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action taking place before a particular time in the past.
- It is also used to express an unfulfilled wish.
Past Continuous Tense:
- The Past Continuous Tense is used to express a repeated action in the past.
- It is also used to describe an action in past that had begun and had been going for sometimes before another action took place in the past.
Simple Future Tense:
- The Simple Future Tense is used to express the speaker’s opinion, for something to be done in the future.
- It is also used for an action that is yet to take place.
Future Perfect Tense:
- The Future Perfect Tense is used to express speaker’s belief that something that something has taken place.
- It is also used to express an action that is expected to be completely by a certain time in future.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
- The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action as being in progress over a period of time that will end at some point in the future.
Change the following sentences into Indirect speech:
1. The teacher said, “I go to the park everyday.”
Ans: The teacher said that he goes to the park everyday.
2. I said to him, ” When will you go there?”
Ans: I asked him when he would go there.
3. The master said to the servant, ” Fetch me a glass of water”.
Ans: The master ordered the servant, to fetch him a glass of water.
4. He said to me, ” Will you go there?”
Ans: He asked me if I would go there.
5. She said to me, ” Open the window”.
Ans: She ordered me to open the window.
6. I said to my friend, ” please lend me your book”.
Ans: I requested my friend to lend me her book.
7. My mother said to me, ” May you live long!”
Ans: My mother prayed to God that I might live long.
8. He said to me, ” Please help me.”
Ans: He requested me to help him.
9. She said to me, ” Do you play any outdoor game?”
Ans: She asked me if I played any outdoor game.
10. The teacher said, ” The earth goes round and round”.
Ans: The teacher said that the earth goes round and round.
Questions for Practice
1. Yashoda said, “I go to the park in the evening.”
2. The invigilator said to the students, ” Stop writing the time is over.”
3. She said to me, ” Where is your pen?”
4. Ravi said to Shiva, “Close the door.”
5. She said, ” Will you come with me?”
6. She said, ” I am not taking part in the drawing comptetion .”
7. He said, ” I study in class VII.”
8. Riya said, ” I lived in Dubai for 3 years ”
9. She told her sister, “I don’t like darkness.”
10. Rohan said, ” I’m looking for my car keys.”