(IN TEXT QUESTION) (PAGE 128)
1: What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction.
Ans:
(i) DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is the genetic material found in the chromosomes.
(ii) It is the information site for making proteins and each specific type of protein leads to a specific type of body design.
(iii) It is the DNA that passes on the characteristics to the next generations and also produces variations.
(iv) It is the DNA that gets transferred from parents to offspring and makes them look similar.
2: Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual.
Ans: Variations are beneficial to the species than individuals because sometimes for a species, the environmental conditions change so drastically that their survival becomes difficult. eg, if the temperature of water increases suddenly, then most of the bacteria living in that water would die. Only few variants that are resistant to heat would be able to survive.
However, if these variants were not there, then the entire species of bacteria would have been destroyed. Thus, these variants help in the survival of the species. But they show results after many generations so they are not important for the individual.
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (PAGE 133)
1: How does binary fission differ from multiple fission.
Ans: In binary fission, a single cell divides into two equal halves. Amoeba and Bacteria divide by binary fission. In multiple fission, a single cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously. Amoeba and Plasmodium divide by multiple fission.
2: How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores.
Ans: Large numbers of spores are produced in one sporangium. Spores are distributed easily by air to far-off places to avoid competition at one place. Spores are covered by thick walls to prevent dehydration under unfavourable conditions.
3: Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration.
Ans: Simple organisms such as Hydra and Planaria are capable of producing new individuals through the process of regeneration. as their entire body is made of similar kinds of cells in which any part of their body can be formed by growth and development. But complex organisms have a complicated level of organization. All the organ systems of their body work together as an interconnected unit. In complex organisms different tissues and organs have different structures and functions. They can regenerate their lost body parts such as skin, muscles, blood, etc. However, they cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration.
4: Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction.
Ans: DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) copying is an essential part of reproduction as it passes genetic information from parents to offspring. It determines the body design of an individual. The reproducing cells produce a copy of their DNA through some chemical reactions and result in two copies of DNA.
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (PAGE 140)
1: How is the process of pollination different from fertilization.
Ans: Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. It occurs with the help of certain pollinators such as air, water, birds, or some insects. Fertilization, on the other hand, is the fusion of the male and female gametes. It occurs inside the ovule and leads to the formation of zygote.
2: What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland.
Ans:The secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate glands lubricate the sperms and provide a fluid medium for easy transport of sperms. Their secretion also provides nutrient in the form of fructose, calcium, and some enzymes.
3: What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty.
Ans: Secondary sexual characteristics are seen at the time of puberty: • Increase in breast size and darkening of skin of the nipples present at the tips of the breasts. . • Appearance of hair in some areas of skin like underarms and in the genital area • Increase in the size of uterus and ovary. • Beginning of menstrual cycle. • More secretion of oil from the skin, which results in the appearance of pimples.
4: How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body.
Ans: The embryo develops inside the mother’s body. Inside the uterus, the outer tissue surrounding the embryo develops finger-like projections called villi. These villi are surrounded by uterine tissue and maternal blood. They provide a large surface area for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients. Also, there is a special tissue called placenta, which is embedded in the uterine wall. The embryo receives the oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood via the placenta. The waste materials produced by the embryo are also removed through the placenta.
5: If a woman is using a copper−T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases.
Ans: No. Using a copper-T will not provide a protection from sexually transmitted diseases, as it does not prevent the entry of semen. It only prevents the implantation of the embryo in the uterus.