4.2   Text Questions :

 Answer the following questions :

1.  What is deforestation?
Ans:
The cutting of tress and disappearance of forests is called deforestation.

2.  When did deforestation become extensive in India?
Ans:
Deforestation became extensive in India during the colonial rule.

3.  Name any 2 commercial crops.
Ans:
Jute and Sugar.are the 2 commercial crops.

4.  Why were raw materials exported?
Ans:
Raw materials were exported for industrial production.

5.  Which forest were fast disappearing in England?
Ans:
Oak forests were fast disappearing in England .

6.  Why did the British build railways?
Ans:
The British built railways to transport raw materials for trade (colonial trade)

7.  Why were trees cut discriminately?
Ans:
Trees cut discriminately to supply timber for railway tracks (sleepers and ship building)

8.  Who was the first inspector General of forest in India?
Ans:
The first inspector General of forest in India was a German expert, Dietrich Brandin.

9.  Where was the Imperial forest research institute set up?
Ans:
The Imperial forest research institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.

10.  Why was the Imperial forest research institute set up?
Ans:
The Imperial forest research institute was set up to study scientific forestry.

11.  What is Scientific Forestry?
Ans:
Natural forest with different types of trees were cut down and in their place one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is Scientific Forestry.

12.  How did the forest act of 1878  categorise  forests?
Ans:
i) Reserved                       ii) Protected                         iii) Village Forest (1878)   .

13.  Why did the villagers want a mixture of species of forests?
Ans:
The villagers wanted a mixture of species of forests to satisfy different needs fuel, fodder, leaves.

14.  What is Shifting Cultivation?
Ans:
Parts of the forest are cut in rotation and burnt seeds are planted in the ashes.This is called Shifting Cultivation.

15.  Why were trees felled on a massive scale by 1830?
Ans:
Trees were felled on a massive scale by 1830 for timber trade and railway tracks to move troops.

16.  What was the effect of large scale hunting during colonial rule?
Ans:
The effect of large scale hunting during the  colonial rule was that various species of animals became almost extinct.

17.  Where did the forest reservation first take place?
Ans:
The forest reservation first took place in Kangar forest.

18.  Why did the villagers of Bastar Rebel?
Ans:
The villagers of Bastar rebelled against the oppressive forest laws.

19.  Who ruled Java before independence?
Ans:
The Dutch ruled Java before independence.

20.  Who were Kalangs?
Ans:
They were skilled wood cutters of Java.

21.  Why was local labour needed by the Dutch?
Ans:
Local labour needed by the Dutch was to cut trees, transport the logs and prepare sleepers for railway.

22.  What is Blandong dienstin system?
Ans:
Those who work free in the forest were exempted from paying taxes.

23.  Forests were indiscriminately felled from 1700 on wards. Explain.
Ans:

i) It was a period of industrialization.
ii) 9.3% of the world total area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuel wood.

24.  Why were Indian forests exploited?
Ans:

i) Oak Forest in England were disappearing.
ii) Good, strong, wood was needed to build war ships.

25.  Why were railways built on a large scale?
Ans:

i) Railways were essential for colonial trade.
ii) For the movement of imperial troops.

26.  Why did the forest start disappearing with the spread of railway?
Ans:

i) To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel.
ii) To buy the railway lines, sleepers were needed to hold the tracks together.

27.  Why did the colonial government take over the natural forest?
Ans:

i) To give to European planters.
ii) To make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantation.

28.  Why did Brandis try to save forest?
Ans:

i) Felling of trees and grazing had to be restricted.
ii) He ask the government to introduce a proper system to manage forest.
iii) People were trained in forest observation.

29.  What is Shifting Cultivation?
Ans:

i) Parts of the forest are cut in rotation and burnt.
ii) Seeds are sown in the ashes and they are left fallow after the yield.

30.  What is scientific forestry?
Ans:

i) Natural  forest with different species were cut down.
ii) In their Place one type of trees was planted in straight rows.

31.  How did forest community survive after they lost their livelihood?
Ans:

i) They worked in Factories, mines and plantation.
ii) Their wages were low and working condition very bad.

32.  Who were forest villagers?
Ans:
Some villagers work free for the forest department. Some cut and transported timber, so also protected from forest fires were called as forest villagers.

33.  Which forest laws did the Dutch enact in India?
Ans:

i) Wood could only be cut for scientific purpose.
ii) It could be cut from specific forest and under supervision.

34.  Why did the Dutch follow “ The search earth policy”?
Ans:

i) The Japanese invaded Java after, the 2nd world war.
ii) The Dutch destroyed the saw mill and burnt huge piles of timber.
iii) They did this so that the timber doesn’t fall in Japanese hands.